nfs://server/path1
sap
nfs://server/path3
supplement
PASSWORD
SID
INSTANCE_NUMBER
no
Partitioning for an SAP application without the SAP Installation Wizard SLES for SAP 15
41 SP5
The sapMDC element is only applicable to SAP HANA.
The sapVirtHostname element must be specified for distributed or highly available in-
stallations.
For a full SAP HANA example, including partitioning, see /usr/share/doc/packages/sap-
installation-wizard/hana-autoyast.xml .
4.6.2 SAP NetWeaver installation
For SAP NetWeaver, the following example shows how the installation can be automated. Specif-
ically, this example is tailored to installing ASCS Instance of an SAP NetWeaver 7.5 ABAP Server
distributed system with MaxDB (product ID NW_ABAP_ASCS:NW750.ADA.ABAP ). When installing
other products based on SAP NetWeaver, not all of the following variables may be necessary or
these variables might need to be replaced by others:
The master password for the SAP NetWeaver instance: MASTER_PASSWORD
The SAP Identifier (SID): SID
The SAP kernel: KERNEL
The SAP instance number: INSTANCE_NUMBER
The ASCS virtual host name: ASCS_VIRTUAL_HOSTNAME
The SCS virtual host name: SCS_VIRTUAL_HOSTNAME
nfs://SERVER/PATH1
sap
nfs://SERVER/PATH2
sap
42 SAP NetWeaver installation SLES for SAP 15 SP5nfs://SERVER/PATH3
supplement
NW_ABAP_ASCS:NW750.ADA.ABAP
adm user. Provided value
# may be encoded.
DiagnosticsAgent.dasidAdmPassword =
# Windows domain in which the Diagnostics Agent users must be created.
# The property is Microsoft Windows only. This is an optional property.
DiagnosticsAgent.domain =
# Password for the Diagnostics Agent specific SAPService user.
# Provided value may be encoded.
# The property is Microsoft Windows only.
DiagnosticsAgent.sapServiceDASIDPassword =
NW_GetMasterPassword.masterPwd = MASTER_PASSWORD
# Human readable form of the Default Login language - valid names are stored
# in a table of the subcomponent NW_languagesInLoadChecks. Used when freshly
# installing an ABAP stack for the machine that performs an ABAP load (in the
# case of a distributed system, that is the database, otherwise it is used by
# the normal installer). The available languages must be declared in the
# LANGUAGES_IN_LOAD parameter of the product.xml . In this file, the one
# character representation of the languages is used. Check the same table in
# the subcomponent mentioned above.
NW_GetSidNoProfiles.SAP_GUI_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE =
# The drive to use (Windows only)
NW_GetSidNoProfiles.sapdrive =
# The /sapmnt path (Unix only)
NW_GetSidNoProfiles.sapmnt = /sapmnt
# The SAP System ID of the system to install
NW_GetSidNoProfiles.sid = SID
# Will this system be unicode system?
NW_GetSidNoProfiles.unicode = true
NW_SAPCrypto.SAPCryptoFile = /data/SAP_CDs/745-UKERNEL-SAP-Unicode-Kernel-745/DBINDEP/
SAPEXE.SAR
43 SAP NetWeaver installation SLES for SAP 15 SP5NW_SCS_Instance.ascsInstanceNumber =
NW_SCS_Instance.ascsVirtualHostname = ASCS_VIRTUAL_HOSTNAME
NW_SCS_Instance.instanceNumber = INSTANCE_NUMBER
NW_SCS_Instance.scsInstanceNumber =
NW_SCS_Instance.scsMSPort =
NW_SCS_Instance.scsVirtualHostname = SCS_VIRTUAL_HOSTNAME
NW_System.installSAPHostAgent = true
NW_Unpack.igsExeSar =
NW_Unpack.igsHelperSar =
NW_Unpack.sapExeDbSar =
NW_Unpack.sapExeSar =
NW_Unpack.sapJvmSar =
NW_Unpack.xs2Sar =
NW_adaptProfile.templateFiles =
# The FQDN of the system.
NW_getFQDN.FQDN =
# Do we want to set the FQDN for the system?
NW_getFQDN.setFQDN = false
# The path to the JCE policy archive to install into the Java home directory
# if it is not already installed.
NW_getJavaHome.jcePolicyArchive =
hostAgent.domain =
# Password for the SAP Host Agent specific sapadm user. Provided value may be
# encoded.
hostAgent.sapAdmPassword = MASTER_PASSWORD
nwUsers.sapDomain =
nwUsers.sapServiceSIDPassword =
44 SAP NetWeaver installation SLES for SAP 15 SP5nwUsers.sidadmPassword =
]]>
45 SAP NetWeaver installation SLES for SAP 15 SP55 Upgrading a SAP HANA cluster
This chapter describes how to upgrade your SAP HANA cluster with the YaST mod-
ule SUSE HANA Cluster Update. This acts as a wizard and guides you through all the
SAP HANA cluster maintenance procedures.
The official SAP HANA documentation describes the so-called Near Zero Downtime Upgrade
Process. The YaST module is based on this process and handles the part of the procedure related
to the SUSE cluster. Not all steps can be done automatically. Some steps need to be performed
manually by the SAP HANA administrator. The YaST module will inform you during the process.
This YaST module is available in the yast2-sap-ha package for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
for SAP Applications 12 SP3 and higher. Currently, the wizard is only prepared to handle the
SAP HANA Scale-up Performance Optimized scenario.
The upgrade covers the following tasks:
1. Section 5.1, “Preparing the upgrade”
2. Section 5.2, “Upgrading your SAP HANA cluster”
3. Section 5.3, “Finishing the upgrade task”
5.1 Preparing the upgrade
Ensure passwordless SSH access between the two nodes (primary and secondary) for root .
Keep in mind, some cloud service providers might not have set up SSH access for the
root by default.
1. Install the yast2-hana-update package on both nodes:
# zypper install yast2-hana-update
After the installation, you can nd the module SUSE HANA Cluster Update in the YaST
Control Center.
2. On the secondary node, start the YaST Control Center and open the SUSE HANA Cluster
Update module.
46 Preparing the upgrade SLES for SAP 15 SP53. In the YaST module, review the prerequisites. Make sure to fulfill all of them before con-
tinuing with the next step. Keep in mind that the wizard supports only the HANA Scale-
up Performance Optimized scenario.
4. To upgrade the SAP HANA system, select the secondary node.
5. Select the location of the installation medium.
Point to the location where the SAP medium is located. If wanted, check Mount an update
medium on all hosts and provide the NFS share and path.
Important: Differences between SAP HANA version 1.0 and
2.0
If you are upgrading from SAP HANA version 1.0 to version 2.0, make sure to check
This is a HANA 1.0 to HANA 2.0 upgrade.
The YaST module will copy the PKI SSFS keys from the former secondary node to
the former primary node. More information is available through the Help button.
Continue with Section 5.2, “Upgrading your SAP HANA cluster”.
5.2 Upgrading your SAP HANA cluster
1. Review the update plan generated by the wizard.
The wizard shows you two steps: automatic and manual. In this automatic step, the wizard
puts cluster resources into maintenance mode before it starts with the automatic steps.
The manual steps are SAP HANA specific and need to be executed by a SAP HANA admin-
istrator. For more information, see the official SAP HANA documentation.
2. Update the SAP HANA software.
The wizard executes the automatic actions and waits until the SAP HANA administrator
performs the SAP HANA upgrade.
3. Perform the SAP HANA upgrade.
4. Review the plan for the primary (remote) node.
After the SAP HANA upgrade is done, the wizard shows the update plan. When you con-
tinue with this step, the wizard turns the primary node into a secondary node to make
it ready for the upgrade.
47 Upgrading your SAP HANA cluster SLES for SAP 15 SP5Keep in mind that this step can take some time.
Continue with Section 5.3, “Finishing the upgrade task”.
5.3 Finishing the upgrade task
1. Update the former primary node.
Pay special attention to the --hdbupd_server_nostart option in this step.
2. Restore the previous state of the cluster.
By default, the wizard registers the former master as now being secondary on the SAP
HANA system replication. If you want to revert the system replication to its original state,
click the Reverse button.
3. Review the update summary.
You can review the original and current SAP HANA versions and the cluster state.
Note: Dealing with intermediate cluster state
If the wizard is faster than the status update of the cluster resources, the summary
shows an intermediate cluster state. The cluster state is UNDEFINED or DEMOTED .
To overcome this, check the cluster status again with the command SAPHanaSR-
showAttr and make sure the former secondary node is now in the state PROMOTED .
Refer to the SUSE blog post https://www.suse.com/c/how-to-upgrade-your-suse-sap-hana-clus-
ter-in-an-easy-way/ for further information.
48 Finishing the upgrade task SLES for SAP 15 SP56 Setting up an installation server for SAP media sets
Using the SAP Installation Wizard, it is possible to copy the SAP media sets from a remote server
(for example, via NFS or SMB). However, using the option provided there means that you need
to install the product at the same time. Additionally, it does not allow for copying all SAP media
used in your organization to a single server.
However, you can easily create such a server on your own. For example, to put the SAP media
sets on an NFS Server, proceed as follows:
PROCEDURE 6.1: ADDING SAP PRODUCT INSTALLATION FILES TO AN NFS SERVER
1. On your installation server, create the directory /srv/www/htdocs/sap_repo .
2. Open the le /etc/exports and add the following:
/srv/www/htdocs/sap_repo *(ro,no_root_squash,sync,no_subtree_check,insecure)
Important: Executable rights must be visible
Clients must be able to see which les are executable. Otherwise, SUSE''s SAP In-
stallation Wizard cannot execute the SAP Installer.
3. In /srv/www/htdocs/sap_repo , create a directory for every SAP medium you have. Give
these directories speaking names, so you can identify them later on. For example, you
could use names like kernel , java , or hana .
4. Copy the contents of each SAP medium to the corresponding directory with cp -a .
Important: Avoid using Windows* operating systems for
copying
Using a Windows operating system for copying from/to Windows le systems like
NTFS can break permission settings and capitalization of les and directories.
You can now install from the NFS server you set up. In the SAP Installation Wizard, specify the
path this way: server_name/srv/www/htdocs/sap_repo . For more information about speci-
fying the path, see Table 4.1, “Media source path”.
49 SLES for SAP 15 SP5For information about setting up an NFS server from scratch, see Administration Guide, Part
“Services”, Chapter “Sharing File Systems with NFS”, Section “Installing NFS Server” (https://docu-
mentation.suse.com/sles-15 ).
For information about installing SUSE Linux Enterprise Server from an NFS server, see De-
ployment Guide, Chapter “Remote Installation”, Section “Setting Up an NFS Repository Manually”
(https://documentation.suse.com/sles-15 ).
50 SLES for SAP 15 SP57 Setting up an SAP HANA cluster
You can use a YaST wizard to set up SAP HANA or SAP S/4HANA Database Server clusters
according to best practices, including SAP HANA system replication. A summary of the setup
options is given in Section 1.1.3, “Simplified SAP HANA system replication setup”.
Administrators can now use the SAP HANA-SR Wizard to run the module unattended, usually
for on-premises deployments. Additionally, it is possible to configure the SAP HANA cluster on
Azure now. The YaST module identifies automatically when running on Azure and configures
an extra resource needed on Pacemaker.
The following Best Practices from the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications Re-
source Library (https://www.suse.com/products/sles-for-sap/resource-library/ ) contain setup
instructions:
Performance-optimized scenario and multi-tier/chained scenario: Setting up an SAP HANA
SR Performance Optimized Infrastructure
Cost-optimized scenario: Setting up an SAP HANA SR Cost Optimized Infrastructure
Important: Wizard can only be used for initial configuration
The YaST wizard described in the following can only be used for the initial cluster con-
figuration.
To reconfigure a cluster, use the separate YaST module Cluster (available from package
yast2-cluster ). For more information about its usage, see Administration Guide, Part
“Installation, Setup and Upgrade”, Chapter “Using the YaST Cluster Module” at https://docu-
mentation.suse.com/sle-ha-15 .
7.1 Prerequisites
The following procedure has prerequisites:
Two machines which both have an SAP HANA installation created by the SAP Installation
Wizard or SAP HANA Application Lifecycle Management. Both machines need to be on
the same L2 network (subnet).
In the case of a multi-tier/chained scenario, there must also be a third machine elsewhere.
The machines are not yet set up as a high-availability cluster.
51 Prerequisites SLES for SAP 15 SP5openSSH is running on both machines and the nodes can reach each other via SSH. How-
ever, if that has not already happened, the wizard will perform the SSH key exchange itself.
For more information about SSH, see Security and Hardening Guide, Part “Network Security”,
Chapter “SSH: Secure Network Operations” at https://documentation.suse.com/sles-15 .
A disk device that is available to both nodes under the same path for SBD. It must not
use host-based RAID, cLVM2 or reside on a DRBD instance. The device can have a small
size, for example, 100 MB.
You have created either:
A key in the SAP HANA Secure User Store on the primary node
An initial SAP HANA backup on the primary node
The package yast2-sap-ha is installed on both the primary and the secondary node.
HANA-Firewall is set up on both computers with the rules HANA_HIGH_AVAILABILITY and
HANA_SYSTEM_REPLICATION on all relevant network interfaces.
For information about setting up HANA-Firewall, see Section 10.2, “Configuring HANA-Fire-
wall”.
Cost-optimized scenario only: The secondary node has a second SAP HANA installation. The
database may be running but will be stopped automatically by the wizard.
Cost-optimized scenario only: For the non-production SAP HANA instance, you have created
an SAP HANA Secure User Store key QASSAPDBCTRL for monitoring purposes. For more
information, refer to the SAP HANA System Replication Scale-Up - Cost Optimized Scenario
document at https://documentation.suse.com/sles-sap/ .
7.2 Setup
The following procedure needs to be executed on the primary node (also called the “mas-
ter”). Before proceeding, make sure the prerequisites listed in Section 7.1, “Prerequisites”
are fulfilled.
1. Open the YaST control center. In it, click HA Setup for SAP Products in the category High
Availability.
52 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP52. If an SAP HANA instance has been detected, you can choose between the scale-up scenarios
Performance-optimized, Cost-optimized, or Chained (multi-tier). For information about these
scale-up scenarios, see Section 1.1.3, “Simplified SAP HANA system replication setup”.
Continue with Next.
3. This step of the wizard presents a list of prerequisites for the chosen scale-up scenario.
These prerequisites are the same as those presented in Section 7.1, “Prerequisites”.
Continue with Next.
4. The next step lets you configure the communication layer of your cluster.
Provide a name for the cluster.
The default transport mode Unicast is usually appropriate.
Under Number of rings, a single communication ring usually suffices.
For redundancy, it is often better to use network interface bonding instead of multi-
ple communication rings. For more information, see Administration Guide, Part “Con-
figuration and Administration”, Chapter “Network Device Bonding” at https://documen-
tation.suse.com/sle-ha-15 .
From the list of communication rings, configure each enabled ring. To do so, click
Edit selected, then select a network mask (IP address) and a port (Port number) to
communicate over.
53 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP5Finish with OK.
Additionally, decide whether to enable the configuration synchronization service
Csync2 and Corosync secure authentication using HMAC/SHA1.
For more information about Csync2, see Administration Guide Part “Installation, Setup
and Upgrade”, Chapter “Using the YaST Cluster Module”, Section “Transferring the Con-
figuration to All Nodes” at https://documentation.suse.com/sle-ha-15 .
For more information about Corosync secure authentication, see Administration
Guide, Part “Installation, Setup and Upgrade”, Chapter “Using the YaST Cluster Mod-
ule”, Section “Defining Authentication Settings” at https://documentation.suse.com/sle-
ha-15 .
Proceed with Next.
5. The wizard will now check whether it can connect to the secondary machine using SSH.
If it can, it will ask for the root password to the machine.
Enter the root password.
The next time the primary machine needs to connect to the secondary machine, it will
connect using an SSH certificate instead of a password.
6. For both machines, set up the host names and IP address (for each ring).
Host names chosen here are independent from the virtual host names chosen in SAP HANA.
However, to avoid issues with SAP HANA, host names must not include hyphen characters
( - ).
54 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP5If this has not already been done before, such as during the initial installation of SAP
HANA, host names of all cluster servers must now be added to the le /etc/hosts . For
this purpose, activate Append to /etc/hosts.
Proceed with Next.
7. If NTP is not yet set up, do so. This avoids the two machines from running into issues
because of time differences.
a. Click Reconfigure.
b. On the tab General Settings, activate Now and on Boot.
c. Add a time server by clicking Add. Click Server and Next. Then specify the IP address
of a time server outside of the cluster. Test the connection to the server by clicking
Test.
To use a public time server, click Select Public server and select a time server. Finish
with OK.
Proceed with OK.
d. On the tab Security Settings, activate Open Port in Firewall.
e. Proceed with Next.
8. In the next step, choose fencing options. The YaST wizard only supports the fencing mech-
anism SBD (STONITH block device). To avoid split-brain situations, SBD uses a disk device
which stores cluster state.
The chosen disk must be available from all machines in the cluster under the same path.
Ideally, use either by-uuid or by-path for identification.
The disk must not use host-based RAID, cLVM2 or reside on a DRBD instance. The device
can have a small size, for example, 100 MB.
Warning: Data on device will be lost
All data on the chosen SBD device or devices will be deleted.
To define a device to use, click Add, then choose an identification method such as by-uuid
and select the appropriate device. Click OK.
To define additional SBD command line parameters, add them to SBD options.
If your machines reboot particularly fast, activate Delay SBD start.
55 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP5For more information about fencing, see the Administration Guide at https://documenta-
tion.suse.com/sle-ha-15 .
Proceed with Next.
9. The following page allows configuring watchdogs which protect against the failure of the
SBD daemon itself and force a reboot of the machine in such a case.
It also lists watchdogs already configured using YaST and watchdogs that are currently
loaded (as detected by lsmod ).
To configure a watchdog, use Add. Then choose the correct watchdog for your hardware
and leave the dialog with OK.
For testing, you can use the watchdog softdog . However, we highly recommend us-
ing a hardware watchdog in production environments instead of softdog . For more
information about selecting watchdogs, see Administration Guide, Part “Storage and Da-
ta Replication”, Chapter “Storage Protection”, Section “Conceptual Overview”, Section “Set-
ting Up Storage-based Protection”, Section “Setting up the Watchdog” at https://documenta-
tion.suse.com/sle-ha-15 .
Proceed with Next.
10. Set up the parameters for your SAP HANA installation or installations. If you have selected
the cost-optimized scenario, additionally ll out details related to the non-production SAP
HANA instance.
Production SAP HANA instance
Make sure that the System ID and Instance number match those of your SAP
HANA configuration.
Replication mode and Operation mode usually do not need to be changed.
For more information about these parameters, see the HANA Administration
Guide provided to you by SAP.
Under Virtual IP address, specify a virtual IP address for the primary SAP HANA
instance. Under Virtual IP Mask, set the length of the subnetwork mask in CIDR
format to be applied to the Virtual IP address.
Prefer site takeover defines whether the secondary instance should take over the
job of the primary instance automatically (true). Alternatively, the cluster will
restart SAP HANA on the primary machine.
56 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP5Automatic registration determines whether primary and secondary machine
should switch roles after a takeover.
Specify the site names for the production SAP HANA instance on the two nodes
in Site name 1 and Site name 2.
Having a backup of the database is a precondition for setting up SAP HANA
replication.
If you have not previously created a backup, activate Create initial backup. Un-
der Backup settings, configure the File name and the Secure store key for the
backup. The key in the SAP HANA Secure User Store on the primary node must
have been created before starting the wizard.
For more information, see the documentation provided to you by SAP.
Cost-optimized scenario only: Within Production system constraints, configure how
the production instance of SAP HANA should behave while inactive on the
secondary node.
Setting the Global allocation limit allows directly limiting memory usage. Acti-
vating Preload column tables will increase memory usage.
For information about the necessary global allocation limit, refer to the docu-
mentation provided by SAP.
Cost-optimized scenario only: non-production SAP HANA instance
Make sure that the System ID and Instance number match those of your non-
production SAP HANA instance.
These parameters are needed to allow monitoring the status of the non-produc-
tion SAP HANA instance using the SAPInstance resource agent.
Generate a hook script for stopping the non-production instance and starting
the production instance and removing the constraints on the production system.
The script is written in Python 2 and can be modified as necessary later.
Click Hook script and then set up the correct user name and password for the
database. Then click OK.
You can now manually verify and change the details of the generated hook
script. When you are done, click OK to save the hook script at /hana/shared/
SID/srHook .
57 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP5Warning: Passwords stored in plain text
By default, the hook script stores all credentials in plain text. To improve
security, modify the script yourself.
Proceed with Next.
FIGURE 7.1: SAP HANA OPTIONS (COST-OPTIMIZED SCENARIO)
11. On the page High-Availability Configuration Overview, check that the setup is correct.
To change any of the configuration details, return to the appropriate wizard page by click-
ing one of the underlined headlines.
Proceed with Install.
12. When asked whether to install additional software, confirm with Install.
13. After the setup is done, there is a screen showing a log of the cluster setup.
To close the dialog, click Finish.
14. Multi-tier/chain scenario only: Using the administrative user account for the production
SAP HANA instance, register the out-of-cluster node for system replication:
SIDadm > hdbnsutil -sr_register --remoteHost=SECONDARY_HOST_NAME \
--remoteInstance=INSTANCE_NUMBER --replicationMode=async \
--name=SITE_NAME
58 Setup SLES for SAP 15 SP57.3 Unattended setup using SAP HANA-SR wizard
An unattended setup requires a manual installation of HANA rst. The result is saved into a le
containing all configuration options that were chosen. If the administrator needs to reproduce
the installation, with this le the installation can be run automatically and unattended.
To use it, perform the following steps on both nodes:
1. On the production machines with SAP HANA installed, create a configuration le by run-
ning the sap_ha YaST module.
2. On the last screen, click the Save configuration button.
3. Decide what you want to do:
• To review the configuration, upload and validate the configuration on the primary
SAP HANA machine and run:
# yast2 sap_ha readconfig CONFIGURATION_FILE_PATH
It is possible to start the installation on the review screen.
• To start the installation based on the provided configuration le unattended, run:
# yast2 sap_ha readconfig CONFIGURATION_FILE_PATH unattended
4. Import, validate, and install the cluster unattended, based on the provided configuration
le:
# yast2 sap_ha readconfig CONFIGURATION_FILE_PATH unattended
7.4 Using Hawk
After you have set up the cluster using the wizard, you can open Hawk directly from the last
screen of the HA Setup for SAP Products wizard.
To revisit Hawk, open a browser and as the URL, enter the IP address or host name of any cluster
node running the Hawk Web service. Alternatively, enter the virtual IP address you configured
in Section 7.2, “Setup”.
https://HAWKSERVER:7630/
59 Unattended setup using SAP HANA-SR wizard SLES for SAP 15 SP5On the Hawk login screen, use the following login credentials:
Username: hacluster
Password: linux
Important: Secure password
Replace the default password with a secure one as soon as possible:
# passwd hacluster
7.5 For more information
Hawk. Administration Guide, Part Configuration and Administration, Chapter Configuring and
Managing Cluster Resources with Hawk (https://documentation.suse.com/sle-ha-15 ).
Near zero downtime for SAP HANA system replication. Use
SAP HANA System Replication for Near Zero Downtime Up-
grades (https://help.sap.com/viewer/2c1988d620e04368aa4103bf26f17727/2.0.03/en-US/
ee3fd9a0c2e74733a74e4ad140fde60b.html) .
Implementing the Python hook SAPHanaSR. https://documentation.suse.com/sbp/all/html/
SLES4SAP-hana-sr-guide-PerfOpt-15/
60 For more information SLES for SAP 15 SP58 Tuning systems with saptune
This chapter presents information about tuning SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applica-
tions to work optimally with SAP applications.
Using saptune , you can tune a system for SAP NetWeaver, SAP HANA/SAP BusinessObjects,
and SAP S/4HANA applications.
Important
This chapter describes saptune version 3 which does not use tuned anymore.
8.1 Enabling saptune
To enable saptune to tune an SAP application, use the following procedure:
1. To tune a system, rst nd a tuning solution. To nd the appropriate solution, use:
> saptune solution list
saptune recognizes the following tuning solutions (groups of SAP Notes):
BOBJ . Solution for running SAP BusinessObjects.
HANA . Solution for running an SAP HANA database.
MAXDB . Solution for running an SAP MaxDB database.
NETWEAVER . Solution for running SAP NetWeaver application servers.
S4HANA-APPSERVER . Solution for running SAP S/4HANA application servers.
S4HANA-APP+DB . Solution for running both SAP S/4HANA application servers and
SAP HANA on the same host.
S4HANA-DBSERVER . Solution for running the SAP HANA database of an SAP S/4HANA
installation.
SAP-ASE . Solution for running an SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise database.
61 Enabling saptune SLES for SAP 15 SP5NETWEAVER+HANA . Solution for running both SAP application servers and SAP HANA
on the same host.
NETWEAVER+MAXDB . Solution for running both SAP application servers and MAXDB
on the same host.
Alternatively, you can tune the computer according to recommendations from specific
SAP Notes. A list of notes that you can tune for is available via:
# saptune note list
2. To set up saptune with a preconfigured solution, use:
# saptune solution apply SOLUTION
To set up saptune for the recommendations of a specific SAP Note, use:
# saptune note apply NOTE
3. To start saptune and enable it at boot, make sure to run the following command:
# saptune service enablestart
To make sure that sapconf and tuned are stopped and disabled too, run instead:
# saptune service takeover
Note: Combining optimizations
It is possible to combine solutions and notes. However, only one solution can be active at
a time. In rare cases, notes can have conflicting options or parameters. Arrange your notes
carefully to avoid conflicts. The last note always takes priority over conflicting options
or parameters of previous notes.
8.2 Disabling saptune
To disable and stop saptune , run:
# saptune service disablestop
62 Disabling saptune SLES for SAP 15 SP58.3 Updating saptune
To update saptune to a new version, just update the package.
Since a package update can contain updates of SAP Notes and SAP Solutions, restart saptune
with saptune service restart to re-apply the tuning. Check afterwards with saptune note
verify if all recommendations are still met.
Important
The saptune tool does not rely on tuned anymore. Configuring tuned to set up sap-
tune 3 will not work. To start and enable saptune 3 use one of the following methods:
saptune service enablestart
Enables and starts the saptune.service .
saptune service takeover
Enables and starts the saptune.service and also disables sapconf as well as
tuned .
saptune daemon start
Deprecated. Gets redirected to saptune service takeover.
8.4 Managing SAP Notes
In the following sections you will learn how to create, delete, and rename SAP Notes and much
more.
8.4.1 Customizing an SAP Note
Every SAP Note can be configured freely with:
# saptune note customise NOTE
The command includes changing a value or disabling a parameter.
63 Updating saptune SLES for SAP 15 SP58.4.2 Creating a new SAP Note
It is possible to create a new SAP Note with:
# saptune note create NOTE
All features of saptune are available.
8.4.3 Deleting an SAP Note
The following command deletes a created note, including the corresponding override le, if
available:
# saptune note delete test
Note to delete is a customer/vendor specific Note.
Do you really want to delete this Note (test2)? [y/n]: y
The note may not be applied at the time. Keep in mind the following points:
A confirmation is needed to finish the action.
Internal SAP Notes shipped by saptune cannot be deleted. Instead, the override le is
removed when available.
If the note is already applied, the command is terminated with the information that the
note rst needs to be reverted before it can be deleted.
8.4.4 Renaming an SAP Note
This command allows renaming a created note to a new name. If a corresponding override le
is available, this le is renamed, too:
# saptune note rename test test2
Note to rename is a customer/vendor specific Note.
Do you really want to rename this Note (test) to the new name ''test2''? [y/n]: y
The note may not be applied at the time. Keep in mind the following points:
A confirmation is needed to finish the action.
Internal SAP Notes shipped by saptune cannot be renamed.
If the note is already applied, the command is terminated with the information that the
note rst needs to be reverted before it can be deleted.
64 Creating a new SAP Note SLES for SAP 15 SP58.4.5 Showing the configuration of an SAP Note
The shipped configuration of a note can be listed with:
# saptune note show NOTE
8.4.6 Verifying an SAP Note or an SAP Solution
The commands saptune note verify NOTE and saptune solution verify SOLUTION list
the following data for each active or requested note:
The parameter name
The expected value (default)
A configured override (created using saptune customise )
The current system value
Whether the current state follows the SAP recommendation
8.4.7 Simulating the application of an SAP Note or an SAP Solution
To show each parameter of a note , use the following command:
# saptune note simulate
The command to show each parameter of a solution is as follows:
# saptune solution simulate
The command lists the current system value and the expected values (default and override).
8.4.8 Reverting an SAP Note
To revert an SAP Note, run the following command:
# saptune note revert NOTE
This restores all parameters of the SAP Note to their values at the time of application.
65 Showing the configuration of an SAP Note SLES for SAP 15 SP5To revert everything, use the following command:
# saptune note revert all
8.4.9 Editing an SAP Note
Each custom SAP Note can be edited by:
# saptune note edit NOTE
8.4.10 Listing all enabled or applied SAP Notes
To list all enabled SAP Notes, run:
# saptune note enabled
To list all applied SAP Notes, run:
# saptune note applied
8.5 Managing SAP Solutions
This chapter explains how to work with SAP Solutions.
8.5.1 Creating a new SAP Solution
To create a new SAP Solution, run:
# saptune solution create SOLUTION
8.5.2 Deleting SAP Solution
To delete an SAP Solution, run the following command:
# saptune solution delete myHANA
Solution to delete is a customer/vendor specific Solution.
66 Editing an SAP Note SLES for SAP 15 SP5Do you really want to delete this Solution ''myHANA''? [y/n]: y
The SAP Solution may not be applied at the time. Keep in mind the following points:
A confirmation is required to finish the action.
SAP Solutions shipped by saptune cannot be deleted.
If the SAP Solution is already applied, the command is terminated with the information
that the SAP Solution rst needs to be reverted before it can be deleted.
8.5.3 Renaming an SAP Solution
To rename an SAP Solution, run the following command:
# saptune solution rename myHANA myHANA2
Solution to rename is a customer/vendor specific Solution.
Do you really want to rename this Solution ''myHANA'' to the new name ''myHANA2''? [y/n]:
The SAP Solution may not be applied at the time. Keep in mind the following points:
A confirmation is needed to finish the action.
SAP Solutions shipped by saptune cannot be renamed.
If the SAP Solution is already applied, the command will be terminated with the informa-
tion that the SAP Solution rst needs to be reverted before it can be renamed.
8.5.4 Showing the configuration of an SAP Solution
To list the configuration of an SAP Solution, run the following command:
# saptune solution show SOLUTION
8.5.5 Switching to another SAP Solution
Starting with saptune version 3.1, it is easier to switch to a different solution using the saptune
solution change SOLUTION command.
Keep in mind that internally the current solution is reverted rst, and then the new solution is
applied. If you have additional notes configured, the order is not preserved.
67 Renaming an SAP Solution SLES for SAP 15 SP5If the same solution is already applied, no action is taken. Otherwise the current solution gets
reverted and the new one applied. The command prompts for confirmation before making the
change. This can be disabled by adding the --force option.
8.5.6 Reverting an SAP Solution
To revert an SAP Solution, run the following command:
# saptune solution revert SOLUTION
The SAP Solution must be applied. This reverts all SAP Notes parts of the SAP Solution that
are still applied.
8.5.7 Editing a custom SAP Solution
To edit a custom SAP Solution, run:
# saptune solution edit SOLUTION
8.5.8 Listing enabled/applied SAP Solution
To list an enabled SAP Solution, run:
# saptune solution enabled
To list an applied SAP Solution, run:
# saptune solution applied
If SAP Notes from an applied SAP Solution have been reverted, the string (partial) has been
added to the solution name.
8.6 Verification and troubleshooting
To see the current status of saptune , run the following command:
# saptune status
68 Reverting an SAP Solution SLES for SAP 15 SP5The output contains the following:
status of the saptune , sapconf , and tuned service
version of package and running saptune
details about configured SAP Solution and SAP Notes
details about staging
status of systemd system state
virtualization environment (new in saptune version 3.1)
tuning compliance (new in saptune version 3.1)
If a problem occurs, use the saptune_check command (in version 3.1, you can also use the
command saptune check ) that runs checks, reports problems and offers advice on how to
solve them.
8.7 Machine-readable output
Starting with version 3.1, saptune supports machine-readable output (JSON) for the following
commands:
saptune [daemon|service] status
saptune note list|verify|enabled|applied
saptune solution list|verify|enabled|applied
saptune status
saptune version
The machine-readable output makes it possible to integrate saptune into scripts and configu-
ration management solutions.
To generate JSON output, add --format json as the rst option, for example:
> saptune --format json note applied | jq
{
"$schema": "file:///usr/share/saptune/schemas/1.0/saptune_note_applied.schema.json",
69 Machine-readable output SLES for SAP 15 SP5"publish time": "2023-08-29 17:05:45.627",
"argv": "saptune --format json note applied",
"pid": 1538,
"command": "note applied",
"exit code": 0,
"result": {
"Notes applied": [
"941735",
"1771258",
"1980196",
"2578899",
"2684254",
"2382421",
"2534844",
"2993054",
"1656250"
]
},
"messages": []
}
If a command does not yet support JSON output, the command fails with the result block set
to "implemented": false :
[+]
> saptune --format json staging status | jq
{
"$schema": "file:///usr/share/saptune/schemas/1.0/saptune_staging_status.schema.json",
"publish time": "2023-08-29 17:08:16.708",
"argv": "saptune --format json staging status",
"pid": 1653,
"command": "staging status",
"exit code": 1,
"result": {
"implemented": false
},
"messages": []
}
8.8 Staging
It is possible that a new saptune package can contain both binary changes (for example, bug
fixes) and new or altered SAP Notes and SAP Solutions. In certain situations, it is preferable to
deploy bug fixes and new features while leaving modifications to the system configuration out.
70 Staging SLES for SAP 15 SP5With staging enabled, SAP Note and SAP Solution changes in a package update are not activated
immediately. They are placed in a staging area, which can be reviewed and released later.
Important
With the current implementation, a package update overwrites the staging if staging is
enabled.
Staging is disabled by default, and it can be enabled with the following command:
# saptune staging enable
From that point, SAP Note and SAP Solution changes shipped by a saptune package are put
in the staging area. To view the staging area, run:
# saptune staging list
You can print a tabular overview of the differences of the SAP Note and SAP Solution in the
staging and working area with the following command:
# saptune staging diff [NOTE...|SOLUTION...|all]
After reviewing the differences, you can perform an analysis to see if a release has potential
issues or requires additional steps. To do this, run the following command:
# saptune staging analysis [NOTE...|SOLUTION...|all]
To release an SAP Note or an SAP Solution from the staging area, use the command as follows:
# saptune staging [--force|--dry-run] [NOTE..|SOLUTION...|all]
The command presents an analysis (see saptune staging analysis ) and carries out the release
after asking for confirmation.
8.9 Tuning kernel parameters manually using sysctl
In addition to or instead of tuning kernel parameters using saptune , you can also use sysctl
to make manual adjustments to kernel parameters. However, such changes using sysctl do
not persist across reboots by default. To make them persist across reboots, add them to one of
the configuration les read by sysctl .
71 Tuning kernel parameters manually using sysctl SLES for SAP 15 SP5Tip: sysctl and saptune
If you plan to configure sysctl parameters for your SAP system, consider using saptune
as the central tool for managing such configurations.
For more information about sysctl , see the man pages sysctl(8) , sysctl.conf(5) , and
sysctl.d(5) .
8.10 For more information
See the following man pages:
man 8 saptune
man 8 saptune-migrate
man 8 saptune-note
Also see the project home page https://github.com/SUSE/saptune/ .
72 For more information SLES for SAP 15 SP59 Tuning Workload Memory Protection
Keeping SAP applications in physical memory is essential for their performance. In older product
versions, the Page Cache Limit prevented a swap out to disk by a growing page cache (in SUSE
Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 11 SP1 onwards and in SUSE Linux Enterprise
Server for SAP Applications 12). In SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15, the
Page Cache Limit has been replaced by the more advanced Workload Memory Protection.
Workload Memory Protection puts SAP instances into a dedicated cgroup (v2) and tells the
kernel, by the memory.low parameter, the amount of memory to keep in physical memory. This
protects the processes in this cgroup against any form of memory pressure outside that cgroup,
including a growing page cache. Workload Memory Protection cannot protect against memory
pressure inside this cgroup. It covers the memory of all instances together on one host.
The value for memory.low depends on the kind of SAP instance and the workload and needs to
be configured manually. If the system is under extreme pressure, the Linux kernel will ignore
the memory.low value and try to stabilize the whole system, even by swapping or invoking
the OOM killer.
For more information about cgroups, see https://documentation.suse.com/sles-15/html/SLES-all/
cha-tuning-cgroups.html .
9.1 Architecture
Workload Memory Protection relies on two components:
cgroup2 memory controller (Linux kernel)
The cgroup2 memory controller parameter memory.low allows defining an amount of
memory, which the Linux kernel will keep in physical memory. This amount of memory
will be excluded from the reclaiming process unless the entire system is in a critical memory
situation.
Workload Memory Protection uses memory.low to prevent memory from SAP processes
from being paged or swapped out to disk. Apart from the memory controller, cgroup1
controllers are still available, but are not mounted any more.
systemd
systemd provides the infrastructure to create and maintain the cgroup hierarchy and
allows the configuration of cgroup parameters.
73 Architecture SLES for SAP 15 SP59.2 Support for Workload Memory Protection
Workload Memory Protection is supported for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications
15 SP5 on AMD64/Intel 64 and POWER for one or multiple SAP systems on one host, such as App
Server (SAP NetWeaver, SAP S/4HANA). SUSE High Availability cluster solutions are supported.
Workload Memory Protection does not cover databases other than SAP HANA. Depending on
their start method, the processes might run inside or outside the dedicated cgroup. If they run
inside, the memory consumption needs to be taken into account when determining memory.low .
Important: Restrictions of Workload Memory Protection
Using Workload Memory Protection comes with benefits, but you should be aware of
certain restrictions:
Workload Memory Protection cannot protect against memory pressure inside the
dedicated cgroup.
Workload Memory Protection cannot protect SAP systems or their instances from
each other. All SAP processes share the same memory limit. If you have multiple
SAP systems (for example, SAP NetWeaver and SAP S/4HANA), Workload Memory
Protection cannot shield one SAP application from the other.
To use Workload Memory Protection, the SAP system must use systemd . Details about the
systemd integration can be found in SAP Notes: 139184 - Linux: systemd integration for sapstart-
srv (https://launchpad.support.sap.com/%3Cmark%3E/notes/3139184) and SAP Host Agent and
3189534 - Linux: systemd integration for sapstartsrv and SAP HANA (https://launchpad.support.s-
ap.com/%3C/mark%3E/notes/3189534) .
Important
Starting with SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP5, the package
sapwmp is deprecated. For infomation about migration, see Section 9.5, “Migration from
Workload Memory Protection using sapwmp (SLES for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Appli-
cations 15 SP4 and earlier)”.
74 Support for Workload Memory Protection SLES for SAP 15 SP59.3 Setting up Workload Memory Protection
9.3.1 Preparing for Workload Memory Protection
The SAP Start Service puts SAP instances into the dedicated SAP.slice cgroup. To use Work-
load Memory Protection, switch to the unified cgroup2 hierarchy and set MemoryLow= correctly.
1. Stop all SAP instances and the SAP Host Agent.
The service can be enabled, but all SAP processes need to be terminated.
2. Add systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=true to the kernel command line by adding
it to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT in /etc/default/grub like:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="... systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=true swapaccount=1"
With this change, only cgroup2 controllers are be mounted on /sys/fs/cgroup . Cgroup1
controllers, except the memory controller, are still available and can be used though. Tools
using cgroup1 may not work out of the box any more and may need reconfiguration. Also,
the required mount structure for cgroup1 needs to be provided.
The parameter swapaccount=1 is not needed for Workload Memory Protection to work,
but it aids the analysis in support cases to show the amount of swapped out memory for
each cgroup.
3. Rewrite the GRUB2 configuration:
> sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
After reboot (which is perfromed later), the cgroup hierarchy is switched to v2 (unified
hierarchy) only.
4. Configure MemoryLow for the SAP.slice :
> sudo systemctl set-property SAP.slice MemoryLow=...
This command creates a drop-in in /etc/systemd/system.control/SAP.slice.d/ to
set MemoryLow .
SAP.slice is the name of the cgroup that contains the SAP processes. MemoryLow is the
systemd equivalent of the cgroup parameter memory.low mentioned in the introduction.
The value for MemoryLow depends on the type of the SAP application and the workload.
75 Setting up Workload Memory Protection SLES for SAP 15 SP5For SAP HANA
Since SAP HANA has a Global Allocation Limit, its value can be used directly.
SAP Application Server (SAP NetWeaver, SAP S/4HANA)
For the Application Server, the sizing for the workload should indicate the value for
MemoryLow .
Keep in mind the following.
All SAP instances on one host are inside the SAP.slice . MemoryLow must cover the
amount of memory of all instances together on that host. You cannot protect SAP
systems or their instances from each other.
If you are using a database other than SAP HANA, some database processes can be
part of SAP.slice . Their memory consumption needs to be taken into account when
determining the MemoryLow value.
Never choose a value for MemoryLow very close to or larger than your physical mem-
ory. System services and additional installed software require memory too. If they
are forced to use swap too extensively, at the expense of the SAP application, your
system can become unresponsive.
Note: Correctly calculate MemoryLow value
MemoryLow takes the memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M,
G, or T, the specified memory size is parsed as Kibibytes, Mebibytes, Gibibytes,
or Tebibytes (with the base 1024 instead of 1000, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wi-
ki/Binary_prefix ), respectively. Alternatively, a percentage value may be specified,
which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the system.
The underlying cgroup memory controller rounds up the value to a multiple of the
page size. To avoid confusion, set the value for MemoryLow to a multiple of the
page size.
Now the system is ready for a reboot.
76 Preparing for Workload Memory Protection SLES for SAP 15 SP59.3.2 Reboot and verification
1. Reboot the system.
2. After rebooting, verify that cgroups v2 has indeed been used:
# grep cgroup /proc/mounts
cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup cgroup2 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
3. Verify that the low memory value has been set:
> systemctl show -p MemoryLow SAP.slice
MemoryLow=18487889920 <- Should be your chosen value (always in bytes)!
# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/SAP.slice/memory.low
18487889920 <- Should be your chosen value!
The variable MemoryLow can be set to any value, but the content of the variable is always
a multiple of the page size. Keep this in mind if you notice a slight difference between
the values.
9.4 Changing the value of MemoryLow
To change the value of MemoryLow run:
# systemctl set-property SAP.slice MemoryLow=...
The changes takes effect immediately.
The underlying cgroup memory controller rounds up the value to a multiple of the page size.
To avoid confusion, set the value of MemoryLow to a multiple of the page size.
Important: Value of MemoryLow
Never set MemoryLow to a value lower than the memory already accounted in SAP.s-
lice . To check, run:
# systemctl show -p MemoryCurrent SAP.slice
77 Reboot and verification SLES for SAP 15 SP59.5 Migration from Workload Memory Protection
using sapwmp (SLES for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
for SAP Applications 15 SP4 and earlier)
It is necessary to perform a migration when you are upgrading from a Service Pack SP4 or
earlier, and you have not yet switched to systemd -enabled instances.
PROCEDURE 9.1: MIGRATION PROCEDURE
1. Switch to a systemd -enabled SAP system. For more info, refer to 139184 - Linux: sys-
temd integration for sapstartsrv and SAP Host Agent and 3189534 - Linux: systemd inte-
gration for sapstartsrv and SAP HANA (https://launchpad.support.sap.com/%3C/mark%3E/
notes/3189534) .
2. Remove the lines calling sapwmp-capture from all instance profiles (for example: Exe-
cute_20 = local /usr/lib/sapwmp/sapwmp-capture -a . All SAP services require a
restart after the change.
3. Monitor and readjust MemoryLow= . A systemd -enabled SAP Host Agent now has a cgroup
( saphostagent.service ) below SAP.slice , and it is accounted for protection.
Note
It is not necessary to set MemoryLow=infinity for each SAP service or the SAP
Host Agent service, if the cgroup2 mount has the option memory_recursiveprot
set (it is set by default). To check that, run the following command:
> mount | grep cgroup2
cgroup2 on /sys/fs/cgroup type cgroup2
(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,nsdelegate,memory_recursiveprot)
Migration from Workload Memory Protection using sapwmp (SLES for SUSE Linux Enterprise
78 Server for SAP Applications 15 SP4 and earlier) SLES for SAP 15 SP510 Configuring a firewall
This chapter provides information about restricting access to the system using a firewall and
encryption and gives information about connecting to the system remotely.
10.1 Configuring firewalld
By default, the installation workflow of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications en-
ables firewalld .
Note: firewalld replaces SuSEfirewall2
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 introduces firewalld as the new
default software firewall, replacing SuSEfirewall2. SuSEfirewall2 has not been removed
from SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 and is still part of the main
repository, but it is not installed by default. If you are upgrading from a release older than
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15, SuSEfirewall2 will be unchanged
and you must manually upgrade to firewalld (see Security and Hardening Guide).
The firewall must be manually configured to allow network access for the following components:
SAP application
Database (see the documentation of your database vendor; for SAP HANA, see Section 10.2,
“Configuring HANA-Firewall”)
Additionally, open the ports 1128 (TCP) and 1129 (UDP).
SAP applications require multiple open ports and port ranges in the firewall. The exact numbers
depend on the selected instance. For more information, see the documentation provided to you
by SAP.
10.2 Configuring HANA-Firewall
To simplify setting up a firewall for SAP HANA, install the package HANA-Firewall . HANA-
Firewall adds rule sets to your existing SuSEfirewall2 configuration.
79 Configuring firewalld SLES for SAP 15 SP5HANA-Firewall consists of the following parts:
YaST module SAP HANA firewall. Allows configuring, applying, and reverting firewall rules
for SAP HANA from a graphical user interface.
Command-line utility hana-firewall . Creates XML les containing firewall rules for SAP
HANA.
Instead of using YaST, you can configure firewall rules using the configuration le at /
etc/sysconfig/hana-firewall .
Important: SAP HANA MDC databases
For multi-tenant SAP HANA (MDC) databases, determining automatically the port num-
bers that need to be opened is not yet possible. If you are working with a multi-tenant SAP
HANA database system, run a script to create a new service definition before using YaST:
# cd /etc/hana-firewall.d
# hana-firewall define-new-hana-service
The script prompts you to answer a series of questions, including TCP and UDP port
ranges that need to be opened.
Note: Install HANA-Firewall packages
Before continuing, make sure that the packages HANA-Firewall and yast2-hana-fire-
wall are installed.
PROCEDURE 10.1: USING HANA-FIREWALL
1. Make sure the SAP HANA databases for which you want to configure the firewall are
correctly installed.
2. To open the appropriate YaST module, select Applications YaST, Security and Users Con-
figure system firewall for SAP HANA.
3. Under Global Options, activate Enable and reload firewalld.
4. Select the desired zone from the Zone drop-down list, and add the required services using
the right arrow button.
80 Configuring HANA-Firewall SLES for SAP 15 SP5To add services other than the preconfigured ones, use the following notation:
SERVICE_NAME:CIDR_NOTATION
For more information about the CIDR notation, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-
less_Inter-Domain_Routing . To nd out which services are available on your system, use
getent services .
5. When you are done, click OK.
The firewall rules from HANA-Firewall will now be compiled and applied. Then, the ser-
vice hana-firewall will be restarted.
6. Finally, check whether HANA-Firewall was enabled correctly:
# hana-firewall status
HANA firewall is active. Everything is OK.
For more information, see the man page of hana-firewall .
10.3 SAProuter integration
The SAProuter software from SAP allows proxying network traffic between different SAP sys-
tems or between an SAP system and outside networks. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP
Applications now provides integration for SAProuter into systemd . This means that SAProuter
will be started and stopped properly with the operating system and can be controlled using
systemctl .
Before you can use this functionality, make sure the following has been installed, in this order:
An SAP application that includes SAProuter
The SAProuter systemd integration, packaged as saprouter-systemd
If you got the order of applications to install wrong initially, reinstall saprouter-systemd .
To control SAProuter with systemctl , use:
Enabling the SAProuter service: systemctl enable saprouter
Starting the SAProuter service: systemctl start saprouter
Showing the Status of SAProuter service: systemctl status saprouter
81 SAProuter integration SLES for SAP 15 SP5Stopping the SAProuter service: systemctl stop saprouter
Disabling the SAProuter service: systemctl disable saprouter
82 SAProuter integration SLES for SAP 15 SP511 Protecting against malware with ClamSAP
ClamSAP integrates the ClamAV anti-malware toolkit into SAP NetWeaver and SAP Mobile
Platform applications. ClamSAP is a shared library that links between ClamAV and the SAP
NetWeaver Virus Scan Interface (NW-VSI). The version of ClamSAP shipped with SUSE Linux
Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP5 supports NW-VSI version 2.0.
Important: Avoid false positive reports for large files exceeding
maximum file size
By default, ClamAV does not scan les exceeding various limits like le sizes, nesting
level, or scan time. Such les are reported as "OK". The current default settings for the
ClamAV virus scan engine in the clamscan commandline tool and the clamd scan dae-
mon are set in a way that:
Files and archives are scanned, but only up to the configured or default limits for
size, nesting level, scan time, etc.
The scan engine reports these les as being "OK".
This could potentially allow attackers to bypass the virus scanning.
Alerts can be enabled to set the --alert-exceeds-max=yes option on the clamscan
commandline or via AlertExceedsMax TRUE in clamd.conf for daemon based scans.
Settings these options will cause a "FOUND" report of status type Heuristics.Limit-
s.Exceeded . You need to handle such les differently in front-ends or processing of re-
ports.
Before enabling the alert, ensure that front-ends will not suddenly quarantine or remove
those les.
11.1 Installing ClamSAP
1. On the application host, install the packages for ClamAV and ClamSAP. To do so, use the
command:
> sudo zypper install clamav clamsap
83 Installing ClamSAP SLES for SAP 15 SP52. Before you can enable the daemon clamd , initialize the malware database:
> sudo freshclam
3. Start the service clamd :
> sudo systemctl start clamd
4. Check the status of the service clamd with:
> systemctl status clamd
● clamd.service - ClamAV Antivirus Daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/clamd.service; enabled; vendor preset:
disabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2017-04-11 10:33:03 UTC; 24h ago
[...]
11.2 Creating a virus scanner group in SAP
NetWeaver
1. Log in to the SAP NetWeaver installation through the GUI. Do not log in as a DDIC or
SAP* user, because the virus scanner needs to be configured cross-client.
2. Create a Virus Scanner Group using the transaction VSCANGROUP.
3. To switch from view mode to change mode, click the button Change View ( ).
Confirm the message This table is cross-client by clicking the check mark. The table is now
editable.
4. Select the rst empty row. In the text box Scanner Group, specify CLAMSAPVSI . Under
Group Text, specify CLAMSAP .
Make sure that Business Add-in is not checked.
84 Creating a virus scanner group in SAP NetWeaver SLES for SAP 15 SP55. To save the form, click the button Save ( ).
11.3 Setting up the ClamSAP library in SAP
NetWeaver
1. In the SAP NetWeaver GUI, call the transaction VSCAN.
2. To switch from view mode to change mode, click the button Change View ( ).
Confirm the message This table is cross-client by clicking the check mark. The table is now
editable.
3. Click New entries.
4. Fill in the form accordingly:
Provider Type: Adapter (Virus Scan Adapter)
Provider Name: VSA_HOSTNAME (for example: VSA_SAPSERVER )
Scanner Group : The name of the scanner group that you set up in Section 11.2,
“Creating a virus scanner group in SAP NetWeaver” (for example: CLAMSAPVSI )
Server: HOSTNAME_SID_INSTANCE_NUMBER (for example: SAPSERVER_P04_00 )
Adapter Path: libclamdsap.so
85 Setting up the ClamSAP library in SAP NetWeaver SLES for SAP 15 SP55. To save the form, click the button .
11.4 Configuring the default location of virus
definitions
By default, ClamAV expects the virus definitions to be located in /var/lib/clamsap . To change
this default location, proceed as follows:
1. Log in to the SAP NetWeaver installation through the GUI. Do not log in as a DDIC or
SAP* user, because the virus scanner needs to be configured cross-client.
2. Select the CLAMSAPVSI group.
3. In the left navigation pane, click Configuration Parameters.
4. To switch from view mode to change mode, click the button Change View ( ).
Confirm the message This table is cross-client by clicking the check mark. The table is now
editable.
86 Configuring the default location of virus definitions SLES for SAP 15 SP5FIGURE 11.1:
5. Click New Entries and select INITDRIVERDIRECTORY .
FIGURE 11.2:
6. Enter the path to a different virus scanner location.
7. To save the form, click the button Save ( ).
11.5 Engaging ClamSAP
To run ClamSAP, go to the transaction VSCAN. Then click Start.
87 Engaging ClamSAP SLES for SAP 15 SP5FIGURE 11.3: CHANGE VIEW “VIRUS SCAN PROVIDER DEFINITION”
Afterward, a summary will be displayed, including details of the ClamSAP and ClamAV (shown
in Figure 11.4, “Summary of ClamSAP data”).
88 Engaging ClamSAP SLES for SAP 15 SP5FIGURE 11.4: SUMMARY OF CLAMSAP DATA
11.6 For more information
For more information, also see the project home page https://sourceforge.net/projects/clam-
sap/ .
89 For more information SLES for SAP 15 SP512 Connecting via RDP
If you installed SLES for SAP with the RDP option activated or if you installed from a KIWI NG
image, RDP is enabled on the machine via the service xrdp . Alternatively, you can enable RDP
later as described at the end of this section.
You can connect using any software that supports RDP, such as:
Linux: Vinagre (available in SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop/SLE WE and openSUSE) or
Remmina (available in openSUSE)
Windows: Remote Desktop Connection
Important: Connection parameters
Make sure to set up the connection with the following parameters:
Port: 3389
Color depth: 16-bit or 24-bit only
PROCEDURE 12.1: SETTING UP RDP
If you have not set up an RDP connection during the installation, you can also do so later
using the following instructions.
1. First, create the necessary exception for your firewall, opening port TCP 3389 in all rel-
evant zones. For example, if your internal network uses the internal zone, use the fol-
lowing command:
# firewall-cmd --zone=internal --add-port=3389/tcp
This is a temporary assignment for testing the new setting. If you need to change more
than one zone, change and test each zone one at a time.
2. Make the new configuration permanent:
# firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent
# firewall-cmd --reload
For more information on using firewalld, refer to https://docs.suse.com/sles/15/html/SLES-
all/cha-security-firewall.html#sec-security-firewall-firewalld .
90 SLES for SAP 15 SP53. Nxt, set up xrdp .
Install the package xrdp :
# zypper install xrdp
4. Enable and start the xrdp service:
# systemctl enable xrdp
# systemctl start xrdp
You can now connect to the machine.
91 SLES for SAP 15 SP513 Creating operating system images
There are multiple ways to create custom operating system images from SUSE Linux Enterprise
Server for SAP Applications. The preferred way is generally to use KIWI NG, which ingests an
XML configuration le and then runs fully automatically.
Alternatively, you can also create an image from an existing installation that is cleaned up before
re-use.
13.1 Creating images with KIWI NG
KIWI NG is a tool to create operating system images that can be easily copied to new physical
or virtual machines. This section will present information on creating SLES for SAP images with
KIWI NG.
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications now supports creating images with KIWI NG
using the template from the package kiwi-template-sap . However, there are certain restric-
tions in the current implementation:
Only building VMX disk images is supported. Building other image types is not supported.
You must provide an ISO image of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications at
/tmp/SLES4SAP.iso , as the Open Build Service does not contain all necessary packages.
To build a basic image, use the following two commands:
1. Build the root le system:
# kiwi -p SLES4SAP --root fsroot
2. Build the VMX image:
# kiwi --create fsroot --type vmx -d build
To enable running graphical installations using SAPinst, the default settings of the image enable
the following:
Installation of an IceWM desktop
The service xrdp is started automatically, so you can connect to the machine via RDP.
For more information, see Chapter 12, Connecting via RDP.
92 Creating images with KIWI NG SLES for SAP 15 SP5For more information about KIWI NG and SLES for SAP:
On the KIWI NG configuration for SLES for SAP, see /usr/share/kiwi/image/SLES4SAP/
README .
On KIWI NG in general, see the openSUSE-KIWI Image System Cookbook (https://doc.open-
suse.org/projects/kiwi/doc/ ).
13.2 Cleaning up an instance before using it as a
master image
In some cases, it makes sense to use an image of an already-configured master instance on multi-
ple systems instead of generating a KIWI NG image from scratch. For example, when your image
needs to contain additional software or configuration that cannot be installed using KIWI NG.
However, normally such an image would contain certain configuration data that should not be
copied along with the rest of the system.
To avoid needing to clean up manually, use the script clone-master-clean-up (available from
the package of the same name).
It deletes the following data automatically:
Swap device (zero-wiped, then re-enabled)
SUSE registration information and repositories from SUSE, and the Zypper ID
User and host SSH keys and domain and host names
The generated HANA-Firewall script (but not the configuration itself)
Shell history, mails, cron jobs, temporary les ( /tmp , /var/tmp ), log les ( /var/log ),
random seeds, systemd journal, collectd statistics, postfix configuration, parts of /
root
/var/cache , /var/crash , /var/lib/systemd/coredump
Additionally, the following configuration is restored to defaults:
Network interfaces that do not use DHCP and network configuration ( /etc/hostname , /
etc/hosts , and /etc/resolv.conf )
sudo settings
93 Cleaning up an instance before using it as a master image SLES for SAP 15 SP5Additionally, you can choose to set up a new root password. UUID-based entries in /etc/
fstab are replaced by device strings. This script also ensures that if the rst-boot section of the
installation workflow was used for the original installation, it is run again on the next boot.
13.2.1 Configuring clone-master-clean-up
Before running clone-master-clean-up , the script can be configured in the following ways:
To configure the script to not clean up certain data, use the configuration le /etc/
sysconfig/clone-master-clean-up .
This le also gives short explanations of the available options.
To configure the script to clean up additional directories or les, create a list with the
absolute paths of such directories and les:
/additional/file/to/delete.now
/additional/directory/to/remove
Save this list as /var/adm/clone-master-clean-up/custom_remove .
13.2.2 Using clone-master-clean-up
To use the script, do:
# clone-master-clean-up
Then follow the instructions.
13.2.3 For more information
The following sources provide additional information about clone-master-clean-up :
For general information, see the man page clone-master-clean-up .
For information on which les and directories might additionally be useful to delete, see
/var/adm/clone-master-clean-up/custom_remove.template .
94 Configuring clone-master-clean-up SLES for SAP 15 SP514 Important log files
The most important log les for this product can be found as follows:
The SAP Installation Wizard is a YaST module. You can nd its log entries in /var/log/
YaST/y2log .
All SAP knowledge is bundled in a library. You can nd its log entries in /var/log/
SAPmedia.log .
You can nd log les related to auto-installation in /var/adm/autoinstall/logs .
95 SLES for SAP 15 SP5A Additional software for SLES for SAP
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications makes it easy to install software that is not
included with your subscription:
Extensions and modules allow installing additional software created and supported by
SUSE. For more information about extensions and modules, see Deployment Guide, Part
“Initial System Configuration”, Chapter “Installing Modules, Extensions, and Third Party Add-
On Products” at https://documentation.suse.com/sles-15 .
SUSE Connect Program allows installing packages created and supported by third parties,
specifically for SLES for SAP. It also gives easy access to third-party trainings and support.
See Section A.2, “SUSE Connect Program”.
SUSE Package Hub allows installation of packages created by the SUSE Linux Enterprise
community without support. See Section A.3, “SUSE Package Hub”.
A.1 Identifying a base product for SUSE Linux
Enterprise Server for SAP Applications
To identify and distinguish SUSE products, use one of the following les:
/etc/os-release
A text le with key-value pairs, similar to shell-compatible variable assignments. Each key
is on a separate line.
You can search for the CPE_NAME key; however, between different releases and service
packs, the value may have been changed. If you need further details, refer to the article
at https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=7023490 .
/etc/products.d/baseproduct
A link to an XML le. The /etc/products.d/ directory contains different .prod les.
Depending on which products you have purchased and how you installed your system, the
link /etc/products.d/baseproduct can point to a different .prod le, for example,
sle-module-sap-applications.prod . The same information as CPE_NAME is stored in
the tag
.
Identifying a base product for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications SLES-
96 for SAP 15 SP5Among other information, both les contain the operating system and base product. The base
product (key CPE_NAME and tag ) follow the Common Platform Enumeration Specifica-
tion (https://scap.nist.gov/specifications/cpe/) .
You can extract any information from the le /etc/products.d/baseproduct either with the
commands grep or xmlstarlet (both are available for your products). As XML is also text,
use grep for “simple searches” when the format of the output does not matter much. However,
if your search is more advanced, you need the output in another script, or you want to avoid
the XML tags in the output, use the xmlstarlet command instead.
For example, to get your base product, use grep like this:
> grep cpeid /etc/products.d/baseproduct
cpe:/o:suse:sle-module-sap-applications:RELEASE:spSP_NUMBER
The RELEASE and SP_NUMBER are placeholders and describe your product release number and
service pack.
The same can be achieved with xmlstarlet . You need an XPath (the steps that lead you to
your information). With the appropriate options, you can avoid the / tags:
> xmlstarlet sel -T -t -v "/product/cpeid" /etc/products.d/baseproduct
cpe:/o:suse:sle-module-sap-applications:RELEASE:spSP_NUMBER
A more advanced search (which would be difficult for grep ) would be to list all required de-
pendencies to other products. Assuming that basename points to sle-module-sap-applica-
tions.prod , the following command will output all product dependencies which are required
for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications:
>> xmlstarlet sel -T -t -v "/product/productdependency[@relationship=''requires'']/@name" /
etc/products.d/baseproduct
SUSE_SLE
sle-ha
A.2 SUSE Connect Program
Start SUSE Connect Program from the YaST control center using SUSE Connect Program. Choose
from the available options. To enable a software repository, click Add repository.
All software enabled by SUSE Connect Program originates from third parties. For support, con-
tact the vendor in question. SUSE does not provide support for these offerings.
97 SUSE Connect Program SLES for SAP 15 SP5Note: SUSEConnect command line tool
The SUSEConnect command line tool is a separate tool with a different purpose: It allows
you to register installations of SUSE products.
A.3 SUSE Package Hub
SUSE Package Hub provides many packages for SLE that were previously only available on
openSUSE. Packages from SUSE Package Hub are created by the community and come without
support. The selection includes, for example:
The R programming language
The Haskell programming language
The KDE 5 desktop
To enable SUSE Package Hub, add the repository as described at https://package-
hub.suse.com/how-to-use/ .
For more information, see the SUSE Package Hub Web site at https://packagehub.suse.com .
98 SUSE Package Hub SLES for SAP 15 SP5B Partitioning for the SAP system using AutoYaST
Partitioning for the SAP system is controlled by the les from the directory /usr/share/YaST2/
include/sap-installation-wizard/ . The following les can be used:
SAP NetWeaver or SAP S/4HANA Application Server installation. base_partition-
ing.xml
SAP HANA or SAP S/4HANA Database Server installation. hana_partitioning.xml
SAP HANA or SAP S/4HANA Database Server installation on SAP BusinessOne-certified hard-
ware. hardware-specific partitioning le
The les will be chosen as defined in /etc/sap-installation-wizard.xml . Here, the content
of the element partitioning is decisive.
If the installation is, for example, based on HA or a distributed database, no partitioning is
needed. In this case, partitioning is set to NO and the le base_partitioning.xml is used.
Note: autoinst.xml Cannot Be Used Here
autoinst.xml is only used for the installation of the operating system. It cannot control
the partitioning for the SAP system.
The les that control partitioning are AutoYaST control les that contain a partitioning
section only. However, these les allow using several extensions to the AutoYaST format:
If the partitioning_defined tag is set to true , the partitioning will be performed with-
out any user interaction.
By default, this is only used when creating SAP HANA le systems on systems certified for
SAP HANA (such as from Dell, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, or Lenovo).
For every partition, you can specify the size_min tag. The size value can be given as a
string in the format of RAM*N . This way you can specify how large the partition should
minimally be ( N times the size of the available memory ( RAM )).
PROCEDURE B.1: CREATING A CUSTOM SAP PARTITIONING SETUP
The steps below illustrate how to create a partitioning setup for TREX. However, creating
a partitioning setup for other applications works analogously.
99 SLES for SAP 15 SP51. In /usr/share/YaST2/include/sap-installation-wizard/ , create a new XML le.
Name it TREX_partitioning.xml , for example.
2. Copy the content of base_partitioning.xml to your new le and adapt the new le
to your needs.
3. Finally, adapt /etc/sap-installation-wizard.xml to include your custom le. In the
listitem for TREX , insert the following line:
TREX_partitioning
Important: Do not edit base_partitioning.xml
Do not edit base_partitioning.xml directly. With the next update, this le will be
overwritten.
For more information about partitioning with AutoYaST, see AutoYaST Guide, Chapter “Parti-
tioning” (https://documentation.suse.com/sles-15 ).
100 SLES for SAP 15 SP5C Supplementary Media
Supplementary Media allow partners or customers to add their own tasks or workflows to the
Installation Wizard.
This is done by adding an XML le which will be part of an AutoYaST XML le. To be included
in the workflow, this le must be called product.xml .
This can be used for various types of additions, such as adding your own RPMs, running your
own scripts, setting up a cluster le system or creating your own dialogs and scripts.
C.1 product.xml
The product.xml le looks like a normal AutoYaST XML le, but with some restrictions.
The restrictions exist because only the parts of the XML that are related to the second stage of
the installation are run, as the rst stage was executed before.
The two XML les ( autoyast.xml and product.xml ) will be merged after the media is read
and a “new” AutoYaST XML le is generated on the y for the additional workflow.
The following areas or sections will be merged:
1
...
2
...
3
4
5
...
1 see Section C.2, “Own AutoYaST ask dialogs”
2 see Section C.3, “Installing additional packages”
3 after the package installation, before the rst boot
4 during the rst boot of the installed system, no services running
5 during the rst boot of the installed system, all services up and running
All other sections will be replaced.
101 product.xml SLES for SAP 15 SP5For more information about customization options, see AutoYaST Guide, Chapter “Con-
figuration and Installation Options”, Section “Custom User Scripts” (https://documenta-
tion.suse.com/sles-15 ).
C.2 Own AutoYaST ask dialogs
For more information about the “Ask” feature of AutoYaST, see AutoYaST Guide, Chapter “Con-
figuration and Installation Options”, Section “Ask the User for Values During Installation” (https://
documentation.suse.com/sles-15 ).
For the Supplementary Media, you can only use dialogs within the cont stage ( con-
t ), which means they are executed after the rst reboot.
Your le with the dialogs will be merged with the base AutoYaST XML le.
As a best practice, your dialog should have a dialog number and an element number, best with
steps of 10. This helps to include later additions and could be used as targets for jumping over
a dialog or element dependent on decisions. We also use this in our base dialogs and if you
provide the right dialog number and element number, you can place your dialog between our
base dialogs.
You can store the answer to a question in a le, to use it in one of your scripts later. Be aware
that you must use the prefix /tmp/ay for this, because the Installation Wizard will copy such
les from the /tmp directory to the directory where your media data also will be copied. This
is done because the next Supplementary Media could have the same dialogs or same answer le
names and would overwrite the values saved here.
Here is an example with several options:
cont
10
What is your name?
Enter your name here
Please enter your full name within the field
/tmp/ay_q_my_name
102 Own AutoYaST ask dialogs SLES for SAP 15 SP5
C.3 Installing additional packages
You can also install RPM packages within the product.xml le. To do this, you can use the
element for installation in stage 2.
For more information, see AutoYaST Guide, Chapter “Configuration and Installation Options”,
Section “Installing Packages in Stage 2” (https://documentation.suse.com/sles-15 ). An example
looks as follows:
...
yast2-cim
...
103 Installing additional packages SLES for SAP 15 SP5C.4 Example directory for Supplementary Media
A minimal example for the Supplementary Media directory contains only a le called produc-
t.xml .
104 Example directory for Supplementary Media SLES for SAP 15 SP5D Cheat sheet for Windows administrators
D.1 Managing users
To manage users, launch YaST and switch to User and Group Management. To use the ncurses
version of YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 users command. For more information, refer to
https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-yast-userman.html/ .
D.2 Assigning administrator privileges
On Linux, administrator privileges are defined in the /etc/sudoers le. You can use YaST
to manage administrator privileges. Install the required YaST module using the sudo zypper
in yast2-sudo command. Launch YaST and switch to the Sudo section. To use the ncurses
version of YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 sudo command. For more information, see https://
documentation.suse.com/sles/single-html/SLES-administration/#cha-adm-sudo/ .
D.3 Managing system services
Use the Services Manager module in YaST to view and manage enabled services. To use the
ncurses version of YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 services-manager command. For more
information, see https://documentation.suse.com/sles/single-html/SLES-administration/#cha-sys-
temd/ .
D.4 Managing firewall settings
The Firewall module in YaST allows you to manage the firewall settings. To use the ncurses
version of YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 firewall command.
The firewall on SUSE Linux Enterprise allows setting rules for each interface independent-
ly. You can also enable masquerading, port forwarding and broadcasting in the firewall set-
tings. For more information, see https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-securi-
ty-firewall.html/ .
105 Managing users SLES for SAP 15 SP5D.5 Joining a Windows domain (Active Directory/SMB
file sharing)
Install the yast2-auth-client package rst. Then use the User Logon module to join a Win-
dows domain. To use the ncurses version of YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 auth-client
command. For more information, see https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-se-
curity-auth.html/ .
D.6 Managing partitions and storage devices
Use the Partitioner module in YaST to view or change the partition layout. To use the ncurses
version of YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 disk command.
To avoid data loss, unmount partitions before modifying them! To unmount a partition, open a
terminal and run the mount command. This returns a list of entries structured like this: DEVICE
on MOUNT_POINT type FILE_SYSTEM_TYPE (FILE_SYSTEM_OPTIONS) . To unmount the desired
partition, use the sudo umount MOUNT_POINT command with the appropriate mount point. For
more information, see https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/book-storage.html/ .
D.7 Creating a Windows share
On Linux, Samba implements the SMB protocol that makes it possible to create Windows shares.
Use the Samba Server module in YaST to set up an SMB server. To use the ncurses version of
YaST, run the sudo /sbin/yast2 samba-server command. For more information, see https://
documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-samba.html/ .
106 Joining a Windows domain (Active Directory/SMB file sharing) SLES for SAP 15 SP5E GNU licenses
formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for
This appendix contains the GNU Free Docu- which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generat-
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mentation License version 1.2. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as
are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or ty, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until
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Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a for- It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before
mat whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the doc- redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
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paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable
for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent le format whose markup,
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by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Tex-
info input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and stan-
dard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples
of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary
107 SLES for SAP 15 SP54. MODIFICATIONS The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use
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A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,
preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a
previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invari-
ant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least ve at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if
of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
than ve), unless they release you from this requirement. Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original
publisher. documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
Entitled "Endorsements".
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
copyright notices. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under
shown in the Addendum below. this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a
single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
Texts given in the Document''s license notice.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version
as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given
on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent docu-
the previous sentence. ments or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate"
if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the com-
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to
pilation''s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in
a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in
an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not
the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
themselves derivative works of the Document.
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published
at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then
version it refers to gives permission. if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document''s Cover Texts
may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on
of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and 8. TRANSLATION
in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the
section titles. Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires
in the Modified Version. special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some
or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and
title with any Invariant Section. any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement
between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Se- original version will prevail.
condary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
Invariant Sections in the Modified Version''s license notice. These titles must be distinct from actual title.
any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorse-
ments of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review 9. TERMINATION
or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly pro-
standard.
vided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the
You may add a passage of up to ve words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their
one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
108 SLES for SAP 15 SP510. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documen-
tation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present ver-
sion, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See https://www.gnu.org/
copyleft/ .
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies
that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have
the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any
later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
Free Documentation License”.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the
“with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three,
merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing
these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General
Public License, to permit their use in free software.
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